Reference profile · Western Australia · Mining microgrid

Diesel off, every solar hour, for the life of the mine.

A 12 MWp single-axis tracking PV plant paired with 24 MWh of LFP storage forms an island-capable microgrid for a remote Pilbara mine site — running grid-forming through every solar hour, dropping the on-site diesel station to standby for ~9 hours a day, and saving an estimated 6.4 million litres of diesel a year.

Location  Pilbara, Western Australia Topology  Off-grid mine microgrid · island-capable Capacity  12 MWp PV · 24 MWh LFP Reference profile  v1 · 2026
0MWp
PV array
Single-axis tracker · bifacial
0MWh
LFP storage
~3 hr ride-through · 8 MW PCS
0GWh / yr
Year-1 PV yield
~1,930 kWh/kWp · NASA POWER
0ML / yr
Diesel offset
~17,500 t CO2e/yr avoided
0hrs / day
Diesel-off operation
Grid-forming PCS in island mode
The challenge

Mines run on diesel. Diesel runs on logistics. Logistics fail.

The site is a remote Pilbara mine, ~1,400 km road-haul from Perth, with a contracted electrical baseline of ~17 MW continuous (peak ~24 MW) — comminution circuit, haul-truck workshop, accommodation village, water treatment, communications, and the perimeter security envelope. Pre-project the entire load was carried by an 11-set diesel station burning around 11.5 ML/yr at delivered cost north of A$1.55/L.

Three structural problems compounded: fuel logistics (each tanker convoy is a road-train movement booked weeks ahead, and one cyclone closure of the Great Northern Highway disrupts the entire month's schedule), diesel station de-rate at 45 °C ambient (real-world output from the rated nameplate sits 7–9 % lower than catalogue, eaten by parasitic cooling), and operator decarbonisation commitments tied to the parent company's Scope 1 target — every tonne of diesel CO2e on site is counted directly against the target.

The brief was demanding: be diesel-off every solar hour the weather permits, survive a cyclone-rated wind load (region D, 270 km/h gust), and integrate with the existing diesel station as a master controller — never as an auxiliary.

Site & load baseline

  • Latitude: ~22° S · Pilbara, WA
  • GHI: ~2,400 kWh/m²/yr (NASA POWER)
  • DNI: ~2,560 kWh/m²/yr
  • Mine load: 17 MW continuous · 24 MW peak
  • Pre-project diesel: 11 sets · ~11.5 ML/yr
  • Wind region: D · 270 km/h gust (cyclone)
  • Ambient peak: 47 °C summer
  • Standards: AS/NZS 4777.2 · AS 4509 · AS/NZS 1170.2
The approach

PV is the energy. BESS is the master. Diesel is the standby.

A typical mining solar add-on bolts a PV array onto an existing diesel station as a fuel-displacing auxiliary, leaving the diesel governor as plant master. The Pilbara brief inverted that hierarchy: the BESS is the system master through every solar hour, holding the bus voltage and frequency in island mode while the diesel station drops to hot-standby. Diesel sets only re-enter the bus when forecast solar is insufficient, when weather closes the array, or when load exceeds the BESS PCS rating.

Three engineering decisions diverge from a typical mine-solar retrofit:

  1. 1Single-axis trackers, cyclone-stowed. Tracker yield (+18 % at 22°S) outweighs fixed-tilt over a 25-year mine plan when on-site service crews already maintain rotating equipment. The trackers default-stow flat to reduce wind cross-section under cyclone watch alerts from the BoM, with redundant battery-backed controllers on each row to ensure stow even under total comms loss.
  2. 2Grid-forming BESS as plant master. An 8 MW grid-forming PCS holds the 33 kV mine bus during diesel-off operation, providing virtual inertia and short-circuit current to the comminution circuit's induction motors. Diesel sets remain spinning at hot-standby for <30 s recall; cold-stop is reserved for forecast solar surplus >6 hours.
  3. 324 MWh sized to the comminution start sequence, not to the load. Average mine load is 17 MW; comminution circuit start-up is a 3-minute transient that pulls 38 MW peak. The BESS PCS is sized at 8 MW continuous + 16 MW for 90 s, and the BESS energy capacity covers two consecutive comminution starts plus 3 hours of bridging energy if a passing front interrupts solar mid-shift.
System architecture

Single-line view: array → MV bus → BESS / diesel / mine load.

A common 33 kV bus carries every source and every sink: trackers, BESS, diesel station, and the mine's process and accommodation feeders. The BESS PCS is the master frequency reference through every solar hour; the diesel station picks up the bus when the BESS hands off, never the other way around.

Tracker PV 12 MWp · single-axis Bifacial · cyclone-stow LFP BESS 24 MWh · 8 MW PCS Grid-forming master G G G G Diesel station 11 sets · standby Hot-standby <30 s recall 33 kV mine bus Comminution circuit ~10 MW · 38 MW start Largest single feeder Process & workshop ~4 MW Haul-truck charging tie-in Accommodation village ~2 MW ~600 person camp Aux + comms ~1 MW Water · security Plant controller SCADA · IEC 61850 Forecast-aware dispatch
PV generation (DC)
LFP storage / master
Diesel / loads (AC)
Plant controls
Bill of materials

Indicative equipment stack.

Component selection is illustrative — final BoM in any binding TPC delivery is calibrated to mine power-system study, AS/NZS 4509 stand-alone power system requirements, AS 1170.2 wind region, and the EESS-approved inverter list current at quote time. Primary equipment ships factory-direct; site civils, piling, MV cabling, and HV scope are procured locally under TPC engineering supervision.

ComponentSpecificationQtySource
PV moduleN-Type TOPCon bifacial double-glass · 590 W · 132-cell · IEC 61215 / 61730 / 6280420,340Factory-direct
Single-axis trackerDistributed row architecture, ±60° tracking, cyclone-rated stow, battery-backed controller per row, AS/NZS 1170.2 region D282 rowsFactory-direct
Driven pile foundationSteel C-section, hot-dip galvanised, 4.0 m, geotech-tested embedment for Pilbara red-earth pisolitic soils3,950Site-procured
String inverter1500 V DC · 350 kW utility · IEC 62109 · IEC 61727 · IP66 · −25 to +60 °C, AS/NZS 4777.2 listed36Factory-direct
MVPS skidPre-fab MV station: string inverter mount, 6 MVA dry-type 33 kV pad-mount transformer, MV switchgear, auxiliary AC/DC2Factory-direct
LFP battery containers40-ft outdoor container · 6 MWh per container · liquid-cooled · UL 9540A · IEC 62619 · AS/NZS 51394Factory-direct
Grid-forming PCS8 MW continuous / 16 MW 90-second overload · IEEE 2800 · virtual inertia & short-circuit current support · AS/NZS 4777.22Factory-direct
33 kV ring main unit (RMU)SF6-free vacuum-break · IEC 62271-200 · 24 / 36 kV · 630 A bus, mine-bus tie scheme8Factory-direct
Plant controller / SCADAIEC 61850 · forecast-aware solar dispatch · diesel coordination · AS 4509 SAPS-compliant logic, lender-grade reporting1Factory-direct
Cyclone-rated tie-downEngineered tie-down system to AS/NZS 1170.2 region D · 270 km/h gust, validated stow position windload1 lotSite-procured
Robotic dry cleaningAutonomous dry-brush units per tracker row, IoT telemetry, off-cycle nightly run282Factory-direct
HV / MV cabling33 kV XLPE armoured, 1500 V DC PV string cable, fibre-optic SCADA, AS/NZS 1429 / IEC 60502~38 kmSite-procured
Civil & securityBulk earthworks, perimeter security with thermal CCTV, gravel access road, BESS pad with NFPA 855 setback, control building1 lotSite-procured
Diesel station integrationMine power-system study, generator governor retune, master-slave handoff logic, witness sign-off1 packageTPC engineering
Commissioning & performance testFAT + SAT + AS 4509 commissioning + 14-day capacity test + 12-month diesel-saved monitoring + lender-grade reporting1 packageTPC engineering
Year-1 PV generation

Modelled monthly yield, calibrated to NASA POWER Pilbara data.

Monthly generation is computed from public NASA POWER irradiance for ~22°S Pilbara, applied to the as-designed single-axis tracker spec at PR 0.78 with bifacial gain 1.06. Note the southern-hemisphere profile — peak in October / November, trough in May / June. Hover any bar for the underlying figure.

Monthly PV generation — Year 1 (modelled)

Annual total: 23.2 GWh · ~1,930 kWh/kWp · PR 0.78 · bifacial 1.06
Jan · 2.21 GWh
Feb · 1.83 GWh
Mar · 1.97 GWh
Apr · 1.80 GWh
May · 1.60 GWh
Jun · 1.40 GWh
Jul · 1.57 GWh
Aug · 1.86 GWh
Sep · 2.08 GWh
Oct · 2.32 GWh
Nov · 2.27 GWh
Dec · 2.26 GWh
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

Cyclone season (Dec–Mar) introduces single-day generation losses when trackers are stowed pre-cyclone — captured in the modelled monthly figures via a 4-day annual stow-loss budget. The June trough is the binding case for diesel re-engagement: at ~1.40 GWh/month and 17 MW continuous load, BESS-only midday operation requires ~85 % of solar production hours with no cloud cover. The +18 % tracker uplift over fixed-tilt is what makes the diesel-off operating mode tractable through the southern-hemisphere winter.

Lessons learned

Three engineering insights worth carrying forward.

01 / SYSTEM ROLE

Make the BESS the master, or accept the diesel governor as the ceiling.

Auxiliary-mode solar add-ons cap renewable penetration at ~25–30% because the diesel governor cannot release the bus. Specifying the BESS PCS as grid-forming master from day one — with the diesel station retuned for slave-follower operation — is what makes 9 hours/day of diesel-off operation achievable. It is a power-system architecture decision, not a procurement decision.

02 / WIND

Cyclone-stow is a controls problem, not a structural one.

The trackers can structurally survive 270 km/h gusts at 0° stow — provided every single row reaches stow before the gust front arrives. Battery-backed row controllers and a forecast-fed pre-emptive stow trigger from the BoM cyclone watch feed are non-negotiable; comms-loss-fail-to-stow is the design rule. Two independent wind anemometers per tracker block keep the controls honest.

03 / FUEL

Diesel saved is the second number. Diesel-logistics-risk avoided is the first.

The financial model carries a 6.4 ML/yr direct fuel saving — a real number. The bigger commercial outcome rarely shown on the lender model is the resilience win: one cyclone-closed Great Northern Highway becomes a non-event for the mine when the BESS has 3 hours of bridging energy and the diesel station has its full pre-cyclone stockpile untouched. The fuel saved pays for the asset; the resilience pays for the mine plan.

The day the diesel station went to zero output for the first time, the comminution circuit kept turning, the air-conditioners in the village kept running, and the haul-truck workshop didn't notice. That is the only way you know the BESS is the master and not an aspiration. From that morning, every solar hour the weather permits is a diesel-off hour — and that is what removes diesel-logistics risk from the mine plan, not what saves the litres on the invoice.
Mine power systems lead · microgrid commissioning · TPC engineering

Quote is illustrative of the engineering posture TPC brings to remote off-grid mine microgrid engagements. This reference profile is not tied to a named or contracted client; site-specific testimonials are released only with the operator's signed consent under the engagement NDA.

Reference profile. This page describes a typical engagement scope, equipment stack and modelled outcome representative of TPC's remote off-grid mine microgrid delivery — not a specific contracted client project. Generation figures are computed from public NASA POWER solar irradiance data for the Pilbara / 22°S zone applied to the equipment specification described above. Final pricing, system size, diesel offset, and delivered yield in any binding TPC engagement depend on mine power-system study, AS/NZS 4509 SAPS compliance, AS/NZS 1170.2 wind region classification, and the EESS-approved inverter list current at quote time.

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